Poverty as a Challenge
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 3
Questions & Answers
1. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India.
Answer:
The poverty line in India is determined using the methodology recommended by Rangarajan Committee. It is calculated based on the minimum required calorie intake and expenditure on other essential items such as clothing, education, health, and transportation.
The poverty line is different for rural and urban areas due to variations in living costs and consumption patterns. Despite criticisms of this methodology, it remains the standard approach for estimating poverty in India.
2. Do you think that the present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate?
Answer:
The present methodology of poverty estimation has been a subject of debate and criticism. Some argue that it does not accurately reflect the true extent of poverty in India, as it focuses mainly on income levels and does not account for other important factors such as access to healthcare, education, and social security. Critics also point out that the poverty line is too low and does not take into account the rising cost of living. However, proponents argue that the methodology provides a useful benchmark for measuring poverty and designing targeted poverty alleviation programs.
3. Describe poverty trends in India since 1973.
Answer:
Since 1973, India has made significant progress in reducing poverty, particularly after the economic reforms of the 1990s. The poverty ratio, which stood at around 45% in 1993-94, declined to around 22% in 2011-12. Despite this progress, the absolute number of poor people remains high, highlighting the need for continued efforts to eradicate poverty. Factors contributing to this progress include economic growth, targeted poverty alleviation programs, and improvements in healthcare and education.
4. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.
Answer:
The major reasons for poverty in India are multifaceted and include historical factors such as colonial exploitation, unequal distribution of resources, and lack of access to education and healthcare. Additionally, rapid population growth, unemployment, and underemployment in the informal sector contribute to poverty. Social factors such as caste discrimination, gender inequality, and lack of social mobility also play a significant role in perpetuating poverty in India.
5. Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India.
Answer:
Socially, Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are among the most vulnerable groups to poverty in India due to historical disadvantages and discrimination. Economically, rural agricultural laborers and urban informal workers are highly vulnerable to poverty due to the seasonal nature of their work and lack of job security. Women, especially in rural areas, also face higher rates of poverty due to limited access to education and employment opportunities.
6. Give an account of interstate disparities of poverty in India.
Answer:
Poverty levels in India vary significantly between states, with states like Orissa, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh having higher poverty rates compared to states like Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh. Factors contributing to these disparities include differences in economic development, infrastructure, social indicators, and government policies. States with higher poverty rates often face challenges related to agriculture, employment, and access to basic services.
7. Describe global poverty trends.
Answer:
Globally, there has been significant progress in reducing poverty, particularly in East Asia and the Pacific region, where poverty rates have declined significantly due to rapid economic growth. However, poverty remains a challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty rates have remained stagnant or have increased in recent years. In Latin America, poverty rates have declined but remain higher than global averages. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed new challenges to poverty reduction efforts globally, highlighting the need for continued efforts to address poverty and inequality.
8. Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation.
Answer:
The current government's strategy for poverty alleviation in India focuses on promoting economic growth and social development through targeted programs and policies. Initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, and the Jan Dhan Yojana aim to provide financial inclusion, employment opportunities, and social security to vulnerable populations. The government also aims to promote sustainable development and reduce inequalities through its poverty alleviation strategies.
9. Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) What do you understand by human poverty?
Answer:
Human poverty refers to poverty that goes beyond income levels and includes deprivation in other aspects of life such as education, health, and social inclusion. It recognizes that poverty is not just about lack of income but also about lack of opportunities and access to basic services.
(ii) Who are the poorest of the poor?
Answer:
The poorest of the poor are often marginalized groups such as women, children, and the elderly, who face multiple forms of deprivation and lack access to basic services and opportunities.
(iii) What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?
Answer:
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 guarantees 100 days of wage employment to every household in rural areas, with a focus on sustainable development, gender equality, and social inclusion. It aims to provide livelihood security to rural households and reduce distress migration.
